The design of PCR primers is relatively simple from a conceptual point of view: just search along a sequence and find short sub-sequences that fit certain criteria. However, the molecular biology of PCR is very complex and the design of primers is best accomplished with the aid of computer programs that can help decide what is a "good" and a "bad" primer.
In addition, the forward and reverse primer should anneal at approximately the same temperature (allowing no more than 4 degrees of difference between them).
This Geneious PCR Primer design tutorial covers (1) basic design of PCR primers off a single sequence; (2) adding 5` extensions to primers; (3) testing existing PCR primers; and (4) design of degenerate primers off an alignment.
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Exercise 1: Basic primer design
Exercise 2: Adding 5` extensions
Exercise 3: Testing saved primers
Exercise 4: Degenerate primer design